See defoulen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "defoul"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "defoul"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "defoull"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "defoler"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Old French defoler",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "de-",
"3": "foler",
"nocat": "1",
"t2": "to trample, destroy"
},
"expansion": "de- + foler (“to trample, destroy”)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "de-",
"3": "foulen",
"id2": "to foul",
"nocap": "1",
"t2": "to dirty, damage"
},
"expansion": "de- + foulen (“to dirty, damage”)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "c",
"2": "1300"
},
"expansion": "First attested in c. 1300",
"name": "etydate"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old French defoler, defouler, from de- + foler (“to trample, destroy”), but reinterpreted as de- + foulen (“to dirty, damage”). Compare defilen and defoylen. First attested in c. 1300.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "defouleth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "defoulende",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defoulynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defouled",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "defoulen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to defoulen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "defoule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "defoule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defoulede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defoulest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defouledest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defouleth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "defouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "defoulede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "defoule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "defouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "defoulede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "defoule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defoulen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defoule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defouleden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defoulede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defouleth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defoule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defoulynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defoulende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "defoul",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "defoul",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "defoule",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "de-foule",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "defowle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "defouli",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "defouly",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "defowlyn",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Norfolk"
]
},
{
"form": "defule",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "defoull",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "defoulen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "defoul"
},
"expansion": "defoulen (third-person singular simple present defouleth, present participle defoulende, defoulynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle defouled)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "foul",
"pf": "de"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "defoul"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To injure or damage; to cause harm to:",
"To oppress or mistreat; to behave badly towards."
],
"id": "en-defoulen-enm-verb-fSvm1~ms",
"links": [
[
"injure",
"injure"
],
[
"damage",
"damage"
],
[
"cause",
"cause"
],
[
"harm",
"harm"
],
[
"oppress",
"oppress"
],
[
"mistreat",
"mistreat"
],
[
"behave",
"behave"
],
[
"badly",
"badly"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 12 4 4 3 3 3 3 7 3 3 23 23 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 11 7 6 4 4 5 4 5 4 4 19 19 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms prefixed with de-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 16 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 32 32 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 19 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 32 32 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To injure or damage; to cause harm to:",
"To defeat or ruin; to cause the end of."
],
"id": "en-defoulen-enm-verb-7pMTtl2R",
"links": [
[
"injure",
"injure"
],
[
"damage",
"damage"
],
[
"cause",
"cause"
],
[
"harm",
"harm"
],
[
"defeat",
"defeat"
],
[
"ruin",
"ruin"
],
[
"cause",
"cause"
],
[
"end",
"end"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 2 76 2 3 0 0 0 6 2 2 2 1 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Appearance",
"orig": "enm:Appearance",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 3 27 6 0 23 0 0 15 6 6 5 4 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Ethics",
"orig": "enm:Ethics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To injure or damage; to cause harm to:",
"To disfigure or mutilate; to damage something's appearance."
],
"id": "en-defoulen-enm-verb-BBJhTDKc",
"links": [
[
"injure",
"injure"
],
[
"damage",
"damage"
],
[
"cause",
"cause"
],
[
"harm",
"harm"
],
[
"disfigure",
"disfigure"
],
[
"mutilate",
"mutilate"
],
[
"damage",
"damage"
],
[
"appearance",
"appearance"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "foulen"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To injure or damage; to cause harm to:",
"To breach or violate (an agreement)."
],
"id": "en-defoulen-enm-verb-lWJQlNq-",
"links": [
[
"injure",
"injure"
],
[
"damage",
"damage"
],
[
"cause",
"cause"
],
[
"harm",
"harm"
],
[
"breach",
"breach"
],
[
"violate",
"violate"
],
[
"agreement",
"agreement#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To injure or damage; to cause harm to:",
"(rare) To breach or violate (an agreement)."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To adulterate or tarnish (a person or thing):",
"To dirty or foul; to make dirty"
],
"id": "en-defoulen-enm-verb-vg~adQRZ",
"links": [
[
"adulterate",
"adulterate"
],
[
"tarnish",
"tarnish"
],
[
"person",
"person#English"
],
[
"thing",
"thing#English"
],
[
"dirty",
"dirty"
],
[
"foul",
"foul"
],
[
"dirty",
"dirty"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To adulterate or tarnish (a person or thing):",
"To dirty or foul; to make dirty:"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "foulen"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 3 27 6 0 23 0 0 15 6 6 5 4 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Ethics",
"orig": "enm:Ethics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To adulterate or tarnish (a person or thing):",
"To pollute or defile; to morally corrupt."
],
"id": "en-defoulen-enm-verb-EoIHFwPM",
"links": [
[
"adulterate",
"adulterate"
],
[
"tarnish",
"tarnish"
],
[
"person",
"person#English"
],
[
"thing",
"thing#English"
],
[
"pollute",
"pollute"
],
[
"defile",
"defile"
],
[
"morally",
"morally"
],
[
"corrupt",
"corrupt"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "foulen"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To adulterate or tarnish (a person or thing):",
"To desecrate; to ritually or spiritually corrupt."
],
"id": "en-defoulen-enm-verb-FpfMM-ev",
"links": [
[
"adulterate",
"adulterate"
],
[
"tarnish",
"tarnish"
],
[
"person",
"person#English"
],
[
"thing",
"thing#English"
],
[
"desecrate",
"desecrate"
],
[
"ritually",
"ritually"
],
[
"spiritually",
"spiritually"
],
[
"corrupt",
"corrupt"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To adulterate or tarnish (a person or thing):",
"To debase or defame; to ruin in reputation."
],
"id": "en-defoulen-enm-verb-wLpHssAV",
"links": [
[
"adulterate",
"adulterate"
],
[
"tarnish",
"tarnish"
],
[
"person",
"person#English"
],
[
"thing",
"thing#English"
],
[
"debase",
"debase"
],
[
"defame",
"defame"
],
[
"ruin",
"ruin"
],
[
"reputation",
"reputation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To adulterate or tarnish (a person or thing):",
"(rare) To debase or defame; to ruin in reputation."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Surgery",
"orig": "enm:Surgery",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "6 3 27 6 0 23 0 0 15 6 6 5 4 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Ethics",
"orig": "enm:Ethics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To adulterate or tarnish (a person or thing):",
"To infect (bones)."
],
"id": "en-defoulen-enm-verb-Fg-foWFV",
"links": [
[
"adulterate",
"adulterate"
],
[
"tarnish",
"tarnish"
],
[
"person",
"person#English"
],
[
"thing",
"thing#English"
],
[
"surgery",
"surgery"
],
[
"infect",
"infect"
],
[
"bone",
"bone#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To adulterate or tarnish (a person or thing):",
"(surgery, rare) To infect (bones)."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences",
"surgery"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 52 3 3 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Sex",
"orig": "enm:Sex",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To debauch or violate; to have illicit sexual intercourse with"
],
"id": "en-defoulen-enm-verb-9JXVnoYv",
"links": [
[
"debauch",
"debauch"
],
[
"violate",
"violate"
],
[
"have",
"have"
],
[
"illicit",
"illicit"
],
[
"sexual intercourse",
"sexual intercourse"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To debauch or violate; to have illicit sexual intercourse with:"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 52 3 3 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Sex",
"orig": "enm:Sex",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To debauch or violate; to have illicit sexual intercourse with:",
"To rape; to force sexual intercourse upon."
],
"id": "en-defoulen-enm-verb-TDTpFiGi",
"links": [
[
"debauch",
"debauch"
],
[
"violate",
"violate"
],
[
"have",
"have"
],
[
"illicit",
"illicit"
],
[
"sexual intercourse",
"sexual intercourse"
],
[
"rape",
"rape"
],
[
"force",
"force"
],
[
"sexual intercourse",
"sexual intercourse"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 12 4 4 3 3 3 3 7 3 3 23 23 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 11 7 6 4 4 5 4 5 4 4 19 19 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms prefixed with de-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 16 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 32 32 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 19 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 32 32 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To trample or tread upon; to walk over:",
"To scatter or disperse by treading."
],
"id": "en-defoulen-enm-verb-8PUbGVHT",
"links": [
[
"trample",
"trample"
],
[
"tread",
"tread"
],
[
"upon",
"upon"
],
[
"walk",
"walk"
],
[
"over",
"over"
],
[
"scatter",
"scatter"
],
[
"disperse",
"disperse"
],
[
"tread",
"tread"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To trample or tread upon; to walk over:",
"(rare) To scatter or disperse by treading."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 12 4 4 3 3 3 3 7 3 3 23 23 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 11 7 6 4 4 5 4 5 4 4 19 19 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms prefixed with de-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 16 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 32 32 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 19 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 32 32 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To trample or tread upon; to walk over:",
"To envelop or surround (of darkness)"
],
"id": "en-defoulen-enm-verb--ucd9wXP",
"links": [
[
"trample",
"trample"
],
[
"tread",
"tread"
],
[
"upon",
"upon"
],
[
"walk",
"walk"
],
[
"over",
"over"
],
[
"envelop",
"envelop"
],
[
"surround",
"surround"
],
[
"darkness",
"darkness#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To trample or tread upon; to walk over:",
"(figurative, rare) To envelop or surround (of darkness)"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To press or squeeze; to push upon."
],
"id": "en-defoulen-enm-verb-kNdEUV~V",
"links": [
[
"press",
"press"
],
[
"squeeze",
"squeeze"
],
[
"push",
"push"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To press or squeeze; to push upon."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dɛˈfuːlən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/dɛːˈfuːlən/"
}
],
"word": "defoulen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms borrowed from Old French",
"Middle English terms derived from Old French",
"Middle English terms prefixed with de-",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Appearance",
"enm:Ethics",
"enm:Sex"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "defoul"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "defoul"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "defoull"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "defoler"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Old French defoler",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "de-",
"3": "foler",
"nocat": "1",
"t2": "to trample, destroy"
},
"expansion": "de- + foler (“to trample, destroy”)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "de-",
"3": "foulen",
"id2": "to foul",
"nocap": "1",
"t2": "to dirty, damage"
},
"expansion": "de- + foulen (“to dirty, damage”)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "c",
"2": "1300"
},
"expansion": "First attested in c. 1300",
"name": "etydate"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old French defoler, defouler, from de- + foler (“to trample, destroy”), but reinterpreted as de- + foulen (“to dirty, damage”). Compare defilen and defoylen. First attested in c. 1300.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "defouleth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "defoulende",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defoulynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defouled",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "defoulen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to defoulen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "defoule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "defoule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defoulede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defoulest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defouledest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defouleth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "defouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "defoulede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "defoule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "defouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "defoulede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "defoule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "defoulen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defoule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defouleden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defoulede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defouleth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defoule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "defoulynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defoulende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "defouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "defoul",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "defoul",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "defoule",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "de-foule",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "defowle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "defouli",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "defouly",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "defowlyn",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Norfolk"
]
},
{
"form": "defule",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "defoull",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "defoulen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "defoul"
},
"expansion": "defoulen (third-person singular simple present defouleth, present participle defoulende, defoulynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle defouled)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "foul",
"pf": "de"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "defoul"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To injure or damage; to cause harm to:",
"To oppress or mistreat; to behave badly towards."
],
"links": [
[
"injure",
"injure"
],
[
"damage",
"damage"
],
[
"cause",
"cause"
],
[
"harm",
"harm"
],
[
"oppress",
"oppress"
],
[
"mistreat",
"mistreat"
],
[
"behave",
"behave"
],
[
"badly",
"badly"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To injure or damage; to cause harm to:",
"To defeat or ruin; to cause the end of."
],
"links": [
[
"injure",
"injure"
],
[
"damage",
"damage"
],
[
"cause",
"cause"
],
[
"harm",
"harm"
],
[
"defeat",
"defeat"
],
[
"ruin",
"ruin"
],
[
"cause",
"cause"
],
[
"end",
"end"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To injure or damage; to cause harm to:",
"To disfigure or mutilate; to damage something's appearance."
],
"links": [
[
"injure",
"injure"
],
[
"damage",
"damage"
],
[
"cause",
"cause"
],
[
"harm",
"harm"
],
[
"disfigure",
"disfigure"
],
[
"mutilate",
"mutilate"
],
[
"damage",
"damage"
],
[
"appearance",
"appearance"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "foulen"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To injure or damage; to cause harm to:",
"To breach or violate (an agreement)."
],
"links": [
[
"injure",
"injure"
],
[
"damage",
"damage"
],
[
"cause",
"cause"
],
[
"harm",
"harm"
],
[
"breach",
"breach"
],
[
"violate",
"violate"
],
[
"agreement",
"agreement#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To injure or damage; to cause harm to:",
"(rare) To breach or violate (an agreement)."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To adulterate or tarnish (a person or thing):",
"To dirty or foul; to make dirty"
],
"links": [
[
"adulterate",
"adulterate"
],
[
"tarnish",
"tarnish"
],
[
"person",
"person#English"
],
[
"thing",
"thing#English"
],
[
"dirty",
"dirty"
],
[
"foul",
"foul"
],
[
"dirty",
"dirty"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To adulterate or tarnish (a person or thing):",
"To dirty or foul; to make dirty:"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "foulen"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To adulterate or tarnish (a person or thing):",
"To pollute or defile; to morally corrupt."
],
"links": [
[
"adulterate",
"adulterate"
],
[
"tarnish",
"tarnish"
],
[
"person",
"person#English"
],
[
"thing",
"thing#English"
],
[
"pollute",
"pollute"
],
[
"defile",
"defile"
],
[
"morally",
"morally"
],
[
"corrupt",
"corrupt"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "foulen"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To adulterate or tarnish (a person or thing):",
"To desecrate; to ritually or spiritually corrupt."
],
"links": [
[
"adulterate",
"adulterate"
],
[
"tarnish",
"tarnish"
],
[
"person",
"person#English"
],
[
"thing",
"thing#English"
],
[
"desecrate",
"desecrate"
],
[
"ritually",
"ritually"
],
[
"spiritually",
"spiritually"
],
[
"corrupt",
"corrupt"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To adulterate or tarnish (a person or thing):",
"To debase or defame; to ruin in reputation."
],
"links": [
[
"adulterate",
"adulterate"
],
[
"tarnish",
"tarnish"
],
[
"person",
"person#English"
],
[
"thing",
"thing#English"
],
[
"debase",
"debase"
],
[
"defame",
"defame"
],
[
"ruin",
"ruin"
],
[
"reputation",
"reputation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To adulterate or tarnish (a person or thing):",
"(rare) To debase or defame; to ruin in reputation."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses",
"enm:Surgery"
],
"glosses": [
"To adulterate or tarnish (a person or thing):",
"To infect (bones)."
],
"links": [
[
"adulterate",
"adulterate"
],
[
"tarnish",
"tarnish"
],
[
"person",
"person#English"
],
[
"thing",
"thing#English"
],
[
"surgery",
"surgery"
],
[
"infect",
"infect"
],
[
"bone",
"bone#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To adulterate or tarnish (a person or thing):",
"(surgery, rare) To infect (bones)."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences",
"surgery"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To debauch or violate; to have illicit sexual intercourse with"
],
"links": [
[
"debauch",
"debauch"
],
[
"violate",
"violate"
],
[
"have",
"have"
],
[
"illicit",
"illicit"
],
[
"sexual intercourse",
"sexual intercourse"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To debauch or violate; to have illicit sexual intercourse with:"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To debauch or violate; to have illicit sexual intercourse with:",
"To rape; to force sexual intercourse upon."
],
"links": [
[
"debauch",
"debauch"
],
[
"violate",
"violate"
],
[
"have",
"have"
],
[
"illicit",
"illicit"
],
[
"sexual intercourse",
"sexual intercourse"
],
[
"rape",
"rape"
],
[
"force",
"force"
],
[
"sexual intercourse",
"sexual intercourse"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To trample or tread upon; to walk over:",
"To scatter or disperse by treading."
],
"links": [
[
"trample",
"trample"
],
[
"tread",
"tread"
],
[
"upon",
"upon"
],
[
"walk",
"walk"
],
[
"over",
"over"
],
[
"scatter",
"scatter"
],
[
"disperse",
"disperse"
],
[
"tread",
"tread"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To trample or tread upon; to walk over:",
"(rare) To scatter or disperse by treading."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To trample or tread upon; to walk over:",
"To envelop or surround (of darkness)"
],
"links": [
[
"trample",
"trample"
],
[
"tread",
"tread"
],
[
"upon",
"upon"
],
[
"walk",
"walk"
],
[
"over",
"over"
],
[
"envelop",
"envelop"
],
[
"surround",
"surround"
],
[
"darkness",
"darkness#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To trample or tread upon; to walk over:",
"(figurative, rare) To envelop or surround (of darkness)"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To press or squeeze; to push upon."
],
"links": [
[
"press",
"press"
],
[
"squeeze",
"squeeze"
],
[
"push",
"push"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To press or squeeze; to push upon."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dɛˈfuːlən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/dɛːˈfuːlən/"
}
],
"word": "defoulen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for defoulen meaning in Middle English (10.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-08-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-08-05 using wiktextract (872fc7b and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.